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The stories behind the science

Brought to you by Ingenium – Canada’s Museums of Science and Innovation

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A spliced photo, from left to right: Shaun the Sheep in front of a model of ESA’s European Service Module, a top view into a red bucket containing thousands of light-brown, rod-shaped pellets, and a toddler wearing a wool hat and wool sweater holds a grownup’s finger.

3 things you should know about why wool keeps us warm, and about its surprising uses in the garden and in space.

A large impact crater viewed from the rim, a woodern spoon full of small yellow grains, a close up of a forearm being tattooed.

3 things you should know about the untapped potential of millet, the permanence of tattoos, and asteroid airbursts

Black and white photograph of 6 uniformed Black porters standing in a line in front of a train. Some porters are smiling and looking at each other.

The Face of the Rails: Black Porters in Canada

Three images side by side: a toilet bowl expelling a cloud of droplets, a gloved hand holding a test tube containing a small plant, and an infrared view of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io showing spots of volcanic activity covering the moon.

3 things you should know about flushing the toilet, artificial photosynthesis, and volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon

A bushplane, the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum. A new text panel sits in front of the aircraft: a gray structure with wood-tone side panels and dark metal legs. Its backlit surface presents the name of the aircraft, a selection of images, and interpretive texts. A life-size display of a dock sits to the right, followed by another aircraft and panel.

Whispering Loudly: An Update about the “Quiet Updates”

A rear view of a person wearing a yellow coat and backpack in winter, a close-up view of bright red poinsettias with small yellow central flowers.

Two things you should know about the science of wind chill, and the Orion spacecraft's selfies.

Yvonne Peters, a disability rights activist, with her service dog at Parliament Hill. Other demonstrators are in the background.

Part 1 of A Short History of Accessible Commercial Air Travel in Canada

A photograph of the large, multicoloured and multimedia Northern Lights mural.

"Northern Lights" 3-D Mural: A Colourful Artistic Tribute to Canada’s Jet Age Beginnings

A woman examining a bottle of olive oil in a grocery store, Gravel terrain in beige with boulders identified in pink, craters in purple, and crater rims in turquoise, A close up of the tread of a winter tire showing deep, wide, jagged grooves and wavy sipes.

3 things you should know about food fraud, how winter tires work and Canadian artificial intelligence headed for the Moon.

A black and white photograph taken from the air. The photo shows a series of docks with buildings on the port, and city streets behind. The Halifax Citadel is in the background.

Ingenium Archives “City Series”: Halifax

This photograph shows an assortment of Unifor Local 222 ephemera. It includes Patrick J. Brown’s 1937 United Autoworkers of America Local 222 union membership card and an assortment of union buttons from the 1970s to the 1980s that advocate for increased job security, shorter work weeks, and the rights of retired General Motors employees.

Community, Camaraderie, and Producing Historical Scholarship

Three images side by side: A little girl smells a sunflower, the DART spacecraft’s impact into the asteroid Dimorphos, and a candy apple

3 things you should know about how the DART spacecraft changed the orbit of an asteroid, how we have more than five senses, and how the science of caramel can make you a better cook!

The Channel

From the Channel

Black and white photograph of 6 uniformed Black porters standing in a line in front of a train. Some porters are smiling and looking at each other.

Rail Transportation

The Face of the Rails: Black Porters in Canada

Carleton University

Black porters were integral to the day-to-day operations of Canadian railways from the late 19th to mid 20th century. The Black men who made up the majority of porters already experienced racism in Canadian society at large. In the context of their work, they faced the intensely racist and discriminatory policies of the railway companies and the white-led unions. These experiences made political and labour leaders out of many of them, as they fought discrimination on and off the rails. The role

The Junkers Ju 52 bushplane registered as CF-ARM of Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec, Manuan Lake, Québec, August or September 1940. CASM, 13469.

Old bushplanes never die, they just fade away: A few lines, all right, many lines on the remarkable career of a Junkers Ju 52 “flying box car” named CF-ARM, part 3

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Welcome back, my reading friend, and profuse apologies. Yours truly remembers only too well my December 2022 statement according to which I hereby and heretofore endeavoured to valiantly attempt to be briefer in my perorations. I had, however, prefaced that statement by stating that resolutions for the new year could be (tend to be?) fleeting. Well, now you have proof. Hence the apologies. Now, where were we? Ah yes. The Junkers Ju 52 of Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec, was being

The Junkers Ju 52 bushplane registered as CF-ARM of Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec, under repair, Arviat, Nunavut (Eskimo Point, Northwest Territories), September 1932. CASM, 1208.

Old bushplanes never die, they just fade away: A few lines, all right, many lines on the remarkable career of a Junkers Ju 52 “flying box car” named CF-ARM, part 2

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Welcome back, my reading friend. I am pleased to welcome you yet again to the wonderful world of aviation. You will undoubtedly remember that, when we flew off last week, we were in Winnipeg, Manitoba, in late December 1931, with the crew of a Junkers Ju 52 cargo plane bought a few months before by Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec. As you may well imagine, said crew took a few days off during the holiday season. Mind you, it was very likely that these gentlemen joined Canadian

Three images side by side: a toilet bowl expelling a cloud of droplets, a gloved hand holding a test tube containing a small plant, and an infrared view of Jupiter's volcanic moon Io showing spots of volcanic activity covering the moon.

3 things you should know about flushing the toilet, artificial photosynthesis, and volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon

Michelle Campbell Mekarski, PhD

Canada Science and…

For the January edition, they explain why you should close the toilet lid before flushing, how we could grow plants without light, and extended volcanic activity on Jupiter's moon Io.

The Junkers Ju 52 bushplane registered as CF-ARM of Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec. Anon., “Pionnier des transports lourds dans le nord du Canada, le ‘Cargo volant’ a fini sa carrière.” Photo-Journal, 29 January 1948, 2.

Old bushplanes never die, they just fade away: A few lines, all right, many lines on the remarkable career of a Junkers Ju 52 “flying box car” named CF-ARM, part 1

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

May I begin this issue of our tremendous blog / bulletin / thingee with a heartfelt aeronautical hello? Yours truly would like to bring to you attention this week the remarkable career of an equally remarkable bushplane, the Junkers Ju 52 “flying box car” registered as CF-ARM of Canadian Airways Limited of Montréal, Québec. And yes, I still very much intend to valiantly attempt to be briefer. So, let us begin. Canadian Airways was created in November 1930, from the merger of Western Canada

Headshots of 33 women, showing the diversity of women in AI and Robotics

Women in AI & Robotics: An interview with Founder and CEO, Sheila Beladinejad

Michelle Campbell Mekarski, PhD

Canada Science and…

Artificial Intelligence & Robotics can solve world problems, and there is a global talent shortage. Attracting and retaining more women in these fields will maximize innovation, creativity, and competitiveness.

Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Sergeant Bob Electro caught in the act of saluting the commanding officer of RCAF Station Clinton, Group Captain John Gordon Mathieson, Clinton, Ontario. Anon., “Six-Year-Old Sergeant.” The North Bay Nugget, 7 January 1963, 15.

Dōmo arigatō, gunsō Electro, mata au hi made: The electronic adventures of Royal Canadian Air Force / Canadian Armed Forces Sergeant Bob Electro

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Greetings and salutations, my reading friend. I can only hope that your holiday period was not hectic / taxing. It is with the hope of creating an atmosphere of sweetness and light that I offer you an article on a robot. Let us begin its electronic adventures with the caption of the photograph you saw a few moments ago.

A very appropriate piece of equipment given the season, well, the season which affects the northern part of the northern hemisphere of planet Earth, the domestic / home snowblower of Autocanner Registered of Montréal, Québec. Anon., “–.” Montréal-Matin, 9 January 1948, 6.

Household Technology

“Let it snow! Let it snow! Let it snow!” The Blo-All domestic / home snowblower of Autocanner Registered of Montréal, Québec

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Happy New Year, my reading friend. And yes, our topic this week is a domestic / home snowblower, a very appropriate piece of equipment given the season, well, the season which affects the northern part of the northern hemisphere of planet Earth, and a demonstration of my unwavering will to be briefer in 2023. Before going any further, allow me to quote, in translation, the caption which accompanied the photograph of the domestic / home snowblower which appeared in January 1948 in the daily

The 10-inch flight impact simulator of the National Research Council of Canada at some point during its long career, Uplands / Ottawa, Ontario. NRC.

A great Canadian success story you should know about: A brief look at the National Research Council of Canada flight impact simulators donated to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Part 3

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Greetings, my faithful reading friend. Yours truly is indeed happy that you agreed to join me in our examination of the second flight impact simulator of the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, a national museum located in Ottawa, Ontario. That impressive device was put together by Fairey Canada Limited of Halifax, Nova Scotia. Although not a major player in the Canadian aircraft industry, that firm was one of the major players in Atlantic Canada and British Columbia during the 1950s and 1960s

A bushplane, the de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver, on display at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum. A new text panel sits in front of the aircraft: a gray structure with wood-tone side panels and dark metal legs. Its backlit surface presents the name of the aircraft, a selection of images, and interpretive texts. A life-size display of a dock sits to the right, followed by another aircraft and panel.

Whispering Loudly: An Update about the “Quiet Updates”

Canada Aviation and Space Museum

Small changes can add up to big results! The look-and-feel at the Canada Aviation and Space Museum is evolving. See how “Quiet Updates” are making an impact.

The 3.75- / 3.5-inch flight impact simulator of the National Research Council of Canada at some point during its long career, Uplands / Ottawa, Ontario. NRC.

A great Canadian success story you should know about: A brief look at the National Research Council of Canada flight impact simulators donated to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Part 2

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Good day to you, my assiduous reading friend. Are you ready to drink from the fount of knowledge otherwise known as our blog / bulletin / thingee? Good for you. Let us continue our investigation of the bird impact research work done in Ottawa, Ontario, by the National Research Council of Canada (NRC). To do that, we will have to put on our seven decade boots, our nine decade boots actually, and travel back in time to the year 1930. The Engine Laboratory of the Division of Mechanical Engineering

3 things you should know about why wool keeps us warm, and about its surprising uses in the garden and in space.

Renée-Claude Goulet

Canada Agriculture and…

The 10-inch flight impact simulator of the National Research Council of Canada at some point during its long career, Uplands / Ottawa, Ontario. NRC.

A great Canadian success story you should know about: A brief look at the National Research Council of Canada flight impact simulators donated to the Canada Aviation and Space Museum, Part 1

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Good day to you, my reading friend. If you have no objection, we will commemorate / celebrate the acquisition, in December 2012, ten years ago this month, of two very interesting devices by the wonderful Canada Aviation and Space Museum, in Ottawa, Ontario, more specifically two fascinating devices donated by a great Canadian institution, nay, a world famous Canadian institution. Our topic of today is not as light hearted as some of our past fare, but I respectively make no apologies for that

A rear view of a person wearing a yellow coat and backpack in winter, a close-up view of bright red poinsettias with small yellow central flowers.

Earth & Environment

Two things you should know about the science of wind chill, and the Orion spacecraft's selfies.

Cassandra Marion, PhD

Canada Aviation and Space Museum

For the December edition, we explain the science of wind chill and the spectacular selfies captured by the Orion spacecraft.

A typical wild and free bullfrog. John J. Brice, editor, A Manual of Fish-Culture: Based on the Methods of the United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, with Chapters on the Cultivation of Oysters and Frogs (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1897), 258.

“Is a frog game or fish? There is the rub.” A brief look at the history of ranaculture in Canada and Québec, Part 4

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Hello with plenty of apologies, my reading friend, hello. Yours truly must admit to being surprised by the long history of ranaculture on Canadian and Québec soil. In this regard, the 1950s seem particularly interesting. Let us therefore pick up the threads of our story. You will recall that we were tackling an examination of Giant Frog & Sea Food Limited of Montréal, Québec, and Canadian Frogs Industries Company / Canadian Frog’s Industries Company of Montréal. Giant Frog & Sea Food was born in

Yvonne Peters, a disability rights activist, with her service dog at Parliament Hill. Other demonstrators are in the background.

Part 1 of A Short History of Accessible Commercial Air Travel in Canada

Cassandra McKenney

Carleton University

Ingenium – Canada’s Museums of Science and Innovation’s collection is home to a large number of aircraft that were designed for everything from scientific experimentation, to warfare, to commercial transportation. Many previous Ingenium Channel entries have explored the fascinating technical details and histories of these planes, but this article focuses on another important element of Canada’s aviation history: passengers. Specifically, this article examines how accessibility legislation and

A typical advertisement of Giant Frog & Sea Food Limited of Montréal, Québec. Anon., “Giant Frog & Sea Food Limited. La Patrie, 18 October 1952, 53.

“Is a frog game or fish? There is the rub.” A brief look at the history of ranaculture in Canada and Québec, Part 3

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

It is with humility tinged with awe that yours truly must admit that I did not expect to find a quantity of information allowing me to write such a long article on ranaculture. Allow me to cite an example. An order in council which came into effect in Ontario in May 1933 protected northern leopard frogs, bullfrogs and green frogs from all forms of hunting during the months of May and June. Only frogs from American states or Canadian provinces other than Ontario could be sold in that province

Three of the innumerable American bullfrogs found on the frog farm of Harold Lee, Casitas Springs, California. Anon., “Nature – Frog Farm.” Pix, 6 January 1951, 30.

“Is a frog game or fish? There is the rub.” A brief look at the history of ranaculture in Canada and Québec, Part 2

Rénald Fortier

Ingenium – Canada's…

Hello again, my reading friend. Welcome. You will of course remember that our subject this week is again ranaculture, in other words the breeding of frogs, on Canadian and Québec soil. To answer your question, my reading friend, the source of the photograph of the charming anurans you just saw, in other words, Pix, was a somewhat irreverent / macho Australian illustrated weekly published between 1938 and 1972. And yes, you are absolutely right. Casitas Springs was / is an unincorporated

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