Pitch darkness, near freezing temperatures, horrifyingly scary see-through monsters, and the weight of a couple hundred elephants crushing you to death. The bottom of the ocean is not exactly an easy place for humans to explore. But that doesn’t mean that we can just ignore the depths! The ocean is one of the final frontiers of exploration on Earth, and robots are the key to exploring and preserving it.

As a child, Jill Heinerth dreamed of being an astronaut. As a Canadian girl growing up in the twentieth century, this option didn’t seem accessible to her. Instead of a career that blasted her far above the Earth’s surface, she forged her own path deep within the Earth. She discovered a place where she could still explore hidden worlds, floating weightlessly. Although water is the lifeblood of our planet, we somehow know more about the cosmos than we do about our Earth’s own underwater caves.

The Circumferentor helped plot Canadian settlements and international boundaries. Circumferentors were used to plot Canadian settlements and international boundaries during the 1800s. A circumferentor, also known as a surveyor’s compass, measures horizontal angles and bearings. This instrument enables surveyors to establish grid lines and mark out territorial divisions such as political boundaries and personal properties. John McLatchie (1842–1908) owned this circumferentor. Born in Quebec, he