By: Kristy von Moos
Ingenium - Canada's Museums of Science and Innovation
Digital Archives: Canada's Guest Children during the Second World War
5 m
Apr 5, 2018
Media
Photo Credit
Ingenium Archives, CN Collection, 42755-2
Two young evacuees from Great Britain, arriving at Bonaventure Station, Montreal, in August 1941. The Canadian Parliament voted to call the CORB evacuees “Guest Children,” to give the impression that the children would only be in Canada for a short time.
In honour of Archives Awareness Week (April 2-8), Ingenium is highlighting a few gems taken from our digital collection. This text has been adapted from the Picturing the Past website, developed by the Canada Science and Technology Museum in 2006.
As early as 1933, with Hitler’s rise to power, the British government began to plan for war with Germany. Many Britons were concerned, not only with the bombing of cities, but with the threat of military invasion and occupation by the German army. The fear of invasion elevated concern for the safety and freedom of the children of Britain. By 1935, a plan to evacuate children from large cities, such as London and Liverpool, to the countryside had been developed by government officials. When Britain formally declared war on Germany in 1939, after the fall of most of continental Europe, the danger of invasion seemed imminent.
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. In the first few days of September, almost 3,000,000 British children were sent from large cities to the more rural areas of the nation. However, after seeing the horrors of the invasions in Poland and in France in news reels and photographs, many parents decided to send their children to countries further from the war zones.
At first the evacuations were done privately; people arranged for their children to stay with relatives or friends in Canada, South Africa, New Zealand, and the United States. In some cases, entire schools were transferred to a host facility. British companies with branch offices in Canada also set up exchange programs, as did universities and churches.
Photo Credit
Ingenium Archives
Article from Canadian National Magazine, January 1941, entitled "Young Guest of Canada Found Much to Thrill". Featured photos of guest children on CN trains, as well as a travel diary written by 13-year-old Betty England during her voyage.
As the bombings increased in frequency and intensity, it became clear that Germany was not merely targeting military structures, but deliberately bombing civilian targets in an attempt to terrorize the British people. Some members of the British government quickly began organizing a system to get children out of the country. The Children’s Overseas Reception Board (CORB), was immediately swamped with more than 200,000 applications.
CORB tried to eliminate the element of class from the selection process by paying for all travel costs and living expenses of evacuated children. The response by volunteer families in host countries was overwhelming, and there was no shortage of homes for the children. However, screening host families so that the abuse that had occurred with the Home Children immigration program presented a problem, even as organizations sprang up in host countries inspect applicants. Many parents also worried that they would never see their children again. Some never did. Most of the children who left Britain in the summer of 1940 did not return to their families until the end of the war, between 1943 and 1945.
Photo Credit
Canadian destroyers in line astern, steam out to sea to take up their positions in convoy, ca. 1942.
The first ships carrying CORB children left Britain in June 1940, and continued over the course of the summer. The government insisted that ships travel as part of a convoy, which left on an irregular schedule from Liverpool and Greenock, near Glasgow. The convoys were under constant threat of attack from airplanes, surface vessels and, most frighteningly, submarines (U-Boats).
Tragedy struck in September 1940, when the City of Benares, a ship carrying 90 CORB children, was sunk by a German U-boat. Rescue efforts were hindered by rough seas, and only 13 children were saved; they were found half frozen and clinging to lifeboats in the North Atlantic. The CORB program was shut down soon after. By then, the tide of the war was changing, and it appeared that Britain was going to withstand the German attack. The need to evacuate lessened and the number of evacuees dwindled, coming to a complete halt by the summer of 1941.
Photo Credit
Canadian Pacific Collection, Ingenium Archives, CPS-19532
Many of the children arrived on re-purposed cruise ships, such as Canadian Pacific’s Duchess of York, pictured here.
In its short existence, CORB evacuated 2664 children, 1532 to Canada. It is believed that another 6,000 children to Canada through private arrangements. For the children, this was a life-changing event. After five years in a new home with a new family in a new country, many had spent the majority of their lives in another culture. Many found it difficult to adjust to life back home in Britain, which was under rationing for some years after the war ended.
Photo Credit
Ingenium Archives, CN Collection, 42755-1
This photograph shows child evacuees from the U.K. arriving at Montreal's train station in the summer of 1941.
Many children were evacuated as young teens and, five years later, had difficulty leaving behind their new lives. Some children, having left their parents when they were barely toddlers, had no memory of the distant land called Britain, or of their parents. Many Guest Children eventually returned as immigrants to their host countries. Many also remained in close contact with their overseas families over the course of their lives.
The Canadian National Railway photo collection at Ingenium documents Canadian life during the Second World War. Visit our new Digital Archives portal for more photographs.
Photo Credit
Ingenium Archives
Canadian National Magazine, 1941. Article: "Serving By Saving" Ads and articles in CN Magazine used the plight of British children during the Second World War to link War Bond spending to protecting the innocent. The image caption reads: "From Battered England: Two little victims of the war in Europe are Florence and Dennis Crabtree, evacuated fro...
Canadian National Magazine, 1941. Article: "Serving By Saving" Ads and articles in CN Magazine used the plight of British children during the Second World War to link War Bond spending to protecting the innocent. The image caption reads: "From Battered England: Two little victims of the war in Europe are Florence and Dennis Crabtree, evacuated from Durham to sanctuary thousands of miles from home at Fernie, B.C."
Photo Credit
Plunging through a heavy sea, this Corvette of the Royal Canadian Navy is shown here as she zig-zags back and forth on the stern of the convoy. During the day her position will be astern but when night closes in she will take up a position closer to the merchant ships, ready for any attack.
Photo Credit
Archives d’Ingenium, collection du CN, CN000445
Troops waiting for train in Montréal, Québec, 1942.
Photo Credit
As guest children were arriving in Canada, Canadian troops were heading overseas.
Photo Credit
Canadian National cartage truck transporting women's and children's clothing, 1940
Photo Credit
Soldiers send telegrams at Bonaventure Station, Montreal, 1942.
Photo Credit
Lifeboats on the SS Prince Rupert on alert, December 1942.
Kristy von Moos
Kristy von Moos is the Digital Content Officer at Ingenium. Kristy has a BA in History and Philosophy from St. Thomas University, and an MA in Public History from Carleton University. She has worked with cultural media, research, and virtual exhibit companies, and enjoys bringing history, education, and technology together.
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